###He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga - A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework for Aotearoa.### **To view this website [CLICK ON THIS LINK](https://bioheritage.nz/research/he-tangata-he-taiao-he-ohanga-a-values-based-biosecurity-risk-assessment-framework-for-aotearoa/)** **NOTE:** This website will cease in 2027
Newfield M, Finlay-Smits S, Reed C, Kean JM 2023. What makes a good risk-based decision in biosecurity? Presentation at Fourth International Congress on Biological Invasions, 1 May 2023, Christchurch, New Zealand.
PRESENTATION: What makes a good risk-based decision in biosecurity?
###Treatment of environmental considerations within New Zealand’s biosecurity framework### **May 2024** **Cartwright L. 2024. [Treatment of environmental considerations within New Zealand’s biosecurity framework](https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstreams/507c9d87-b04f-4189-a5f6-fdcb8ec97130/download). A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 114 p.** **ABSTRACT** Environmental considerations should be given equitable weight within the decision-making processes of New Zealand’s biosecurity framework. This is especially important in a time when environmental concerns increase day by day on a global scale. This thesis seeks to analyse the current biosecurity framework to determine how environmental considerations are treated throughout its legal foundation and organisational structure. There is very little existing literature that assesses the framework in any way. The thesis analyses the core legislation and agreements of the framework, determining whether they are fit for purpose or whether their function is unreasonably favourable towards economic interests. The function of the decision-makers is also critically assessed to establish whether any economic preference exists at a systemic level. Interviews and a wide range of online sources were used to gain a wider perspective of the issue, and these were supplemented with biosecurity-related books and journal articles. The research found that the way the organisational structure was initially set up, and how it exists today, contributes to significant economic prioritisation at the expense of ecological considerations. This ingrained economic preference was not the only issue, as the research also found that sufficient environmental risk assessment tools did not exist, failing to enable ecological concerns to be recognised at the same level as economic stakes during risk assessment. These two issues together provide conclusive evidence that ecological considerations are not given equitable weight during instances of biosecurity decision-making, and more work is needed to rectify the economic prioritisation that is currently present within the framework.
THESIS: Treatment of environmental considerations within New Zealand’s biosecurity framework
Kean JM 2024. A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework. Presentation at Crazy & Ambitious 4, 3 April 2024, Wellington, New Zealand.
PRESENTATION: A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework
###Gap analysis for risk assessment and decision making in the biosecurity system### **July 2021** **Newfield M, Reed C. 2021. Gap analysis for risk assessment and decision making in the biosecurity system. Report for NZBH. 37 pp.** **SUMMARY** The research programme “He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga (Strategic Outcome 3,Bioheritage National Science Programme) aims to incorporate information from a holistic set of values into a biosecurity risk assessment framework. This study is the first part of that research programme, aiming to describe the current state of decision making based on risk assessment in the biosecurity system. Twenty six decision makers who work in biosecurity and use risk assessments to support their decisions were interviewed for this study. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis methodology. Three main themes were identified: - Structured frameworks are not widely used for biosecurity decision making - A wide range of values are considered in making decisions, although values aren’t considered in a consistent or systematic way - Trust is central to participants’ views on risk assessment quality and usefulness Overall, this study does support the need to incorporate information from a holistic set of values into a new biosecurity risk assessment framework, to help inform better biosecurity decisions. This study also suggests that such a framework, even if available, may not be used. In determining whether any new framework is used, how the framework is developed may be as important as the content of the framework. In particular, the framework needs to be developed in a way that builds trust between those developing the framework and those using the framework.
REPORT: Gap analysis of current practices
Robinson A, Rolls D, Kean JM, Kompas T, Flynn AR 2023. It’s 1907. Should we eradicate Medfly? Presentation at Tauranga Moana Biosecurity Capital Symposium 2023, 31 August 2023, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand.
PRESENTATION: It’s 1907. Should we eradicate Medfly?
###Online presentation from Crazy & Ambitious 4: A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework### **April 2024** Online presentation from Crazy & Ambitious 4: A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework, with John Kean, AgResearch.
WEBINAR: C&A4 Biosecurity risk assessment framework
###What really matters? - Characterising values relevant to biosecurity and biodiversity### **March 2024** Resource managers are often required to consider the implications of their decisions on a wide range of different economic, environmental, socio-cultural and te ao Māori values. But it is often much less clear exactly what those values are.
Newfield M, Meha R, Finlay-Smits S, Reed C, Kean JM 2023. What makes a good risk-based decision in biosecurity? Presentation at 2023 Annual Meeting of the International Pest Risk Research Group, 21 September 2023, Nairobi, Kenya. https://pestrisk.org/iprrg-2023/.
###Online quick-fire presentation from Crazy & Ambitious 4: Risk assessment - weeds **April 2024** Online presentation from Crazy & Ambitious 4: TRisk assessment - weeds, with Imogen Bassett, Auckland Council.
###Summary of risk-based decisions in biosecurity### **June 2024** **Newfield M, Kean JM 2024. Summary of risk-based decisions in biosecurity. AgResearch. 21 pp.** **ABSTRACT** Risk-based decision-making is a key component of an effective biosecurity system. This report summarises the main decision types made within New Zealand’s biosecurity system, with details on what triggers the decision, what legal framework applies, decision criteria, the risk assessment approach, information used, timeframe, and who is assessing the risk versus making the decision. This information is useful for better understanding how the biosecurity system operates, particularly for researchers aiming to develop tools for more effective decision-making. Table 1 lists 36 decision types, spanning pre-border, at border, post-border and pest management activities. Details on each decision type appear on subsequent pages.
REPORT: Summary of risk-based decisions in biosecurity
When "great whites" invaded Nelson, government agencies differed in their assessments of the value of attempting eradication. Who was right? Kean JM, Newfield M, Finlay-Smits S, Reed C, Phillips CB 2022. What makes a good risk-based decision in biosecurity? Society for Risk Analysis, Australia and New Zealand (SRA-ANZ) Conference, 26 October 2022, Melbourne, Australia.
###Understanding values within biosecurity: a myrtle rust case study### **Berry A. Understanding values within biosecurity: a myrtle rust case study. A thesis submitted for Masters in Strategic Communication, University of Canterbury.**
THESIS: Understanding values within biosecurity
#Tranche 2: Strategic Objective 3# ##A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework for Aotearoa.## Aotearoa is home to incredibly valuable production and indigenous landscapes. To protect them we must anticipate, and have the tools to prevent, future biosecurity threats. Those involved in our biosecurity system need to be able to identify and prioritise the biggest risks to the sector for which they are responsible, so they can make the most of the limited funds and resources they have. This investment team is working to ensure system participants (and particularly mana whenua) are able to be actively engaged in the identification and prioritisation of biosecurity risks. They aim to incorporate information from a holistic set of values into a biosecurity risk assessment framework. These values include those of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga, whakapapa, whanaungatanga and tikanga Māori. The framework will be dynamic and adaptable to work at national, regional and local scales, and account for changes in biosecurity risk to NZ through external influences such as climate, trade and tourism. **Co-leads** - Dr John Kean (AgResearch) - Christine Reed (Independent)
###What is a good decision in biosecurity### **October 2022** **Newfield M 2022. What is a good decision in biosecurity? Report for NZBH. 25 pp.** **ABSTRACT** An initial review of the literature identified three perspectives in decision quality research: normative, prescriptive and descriptive. • The normative approach aims to describe how a theoretical, rational decision-maker should act, taking into account their beliefs and desires. • The prescriptive approach aims to describe how real people should and can make decisions • The descriptive approach aims to describe how real people actually make decisions. Each perspective offers insights into how decisions could be, should be and are judged. These perspectives often contradict each other. For example, those working with normative models often highlight that decisions cannot be judged on their outcome, because there is an element of chance, and a poor outcome may not necessarily result from a poor decision (e.g. Edwards 1984). However, those who work with descriptive models have shown that outcome is one of the most important factors in how people judge decisions (e.g. Arvai and Froschauer 2010). This report summarises some of the key insights from the literature review.
###Environmental socio-cultural values### **June 2021** **Finlay-Smits S, Ryan A, O'Neill K 2021. Environmental socio-cultural values. BioHeritage Report. 15 p.** **INTRODUCTION** The term ‘socio-cultural values’ encompasses a breadth and diversity of human habits, traditions, beliefs, stories, preferences, priorities, and relationships. As such, not only is there no one universal set of socio-cultural values shared by all humans, but there is likewise no one set of socio-cultural values shared within a country, an ethnicity, or indeed a community. Thus, exploring what is known, and what is not, in relation to the socio-cultural values associated with the natural environment is a sizeable task which draws on a wide range of literature. In order to explore this literature in a manageable way a literature search was undertaken using the following search terms: (“cultural values” OR “social values” OR “psycholog* values”) AND (environment* or nature). This search was then combined with two others to address areas of particular interest. Firstly, it was combined with the search terms: (māori or Zealand) in order to bring in Aotearoa New Zealand-focused literature, and secondly it was combined with the search terms: (“nature-based intervention” OR “connection to nature”) in order to capture literature exploring the relational aspects of socio-cultural values in the context of nature. This initial literature search highlighted that a significant proportion of the research undertaken to date on socio-cultural values associated with the environment has focused on the role of nature in attaining and maintaining physical, emotional, and mental wellbeing. Thus, this theme became one of three that were used to divide up the resultant abstracts for analysis. These themes were: environmental socio-cultural values in the international context, health and wellbeing values related to the environment, and environmental socio-cultural values in the Aotearoa New Zealand context. The key insights from each of these bodies of research will be outlined below with a focus on what has been done, what is known, and where the gaps in our understanding lie. Following these summaries, some overarching insights will be teased out to help guide potential future work in this space for the He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga: a values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework for Aotearoa project.
REPORT: Environmental socio-cultural values
###A systematic review of non-market ecosystem service values for biosecurity protection### **May 2024** **Yao RT, Wallace L 2024. [A systematic review of non-market ecosystem service values for biosecurity protection](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041624000342/pdfft?md5=012707a5bc0a2654f79a6eed0edb338a&pid=1-s2.0-S2212041624000342-main.pdf). Ecosystem Services 67: 101628. ** **ABSTRACT** While quantified environmental benefits from biosecurity protection programmes are available, they remain scarce, patchy, and context-specific. This contributes to the oversight of non-market economic values such as recreation and conservation in practical decision-making. To better understand this situation, we conducted a systematic review focused on studies that estimated non-market values. Our systematic literature review identified and described the body of knowledge on non-market values of current and future biosecurity protection initiatives worldwide. **KEYWORDS** Biosecurity; Ecosystem services; Non-market valuation; Systematic literature review
PAPER: Non-market ecosystem service values
Yao RT, Wallace LJ 2023. A review of non-market environmental values for New Zealand biosecurity risk assessment. Presentation at 67th Australasian Agricultural & Resource Economics Society Conference, 9 February 2023, Rotorua, New Zealand.
PRESENTATION: A review of non-market environmental values for New Zealand biosecurity risk assessment
###Analysing MPI’s risk communication with the directly affected urban public during an incursion### **February 2023** **Eason W. 2023. Analysing MPI’s risk communication with the directly affected urban public during an incursion. A thesis submitted for Masters of Strategic Communications, University of Canterbury.**
THESIS: Analysing MPI’s risk communication with the directly affected urban public during an incursion
###Social discounting - Giving a voice to future generations and environments.### **March 2024** For environmental decisions, we need discounting practices that value the future in the way that societies, rather than businesses, think about the future: we need social discounting.
Bassett I 2024. Risk assessment - weeds. Presentation at Crazy & Ambitious 4, 3 April 2024, Wellington, New Zealand.
###What characterises a good biosecurity decision? - Best practice from stakeholder and expert interviews### **March 2024** Research carried out with key stakeholders identified the most important elements that make up good decision-making. Drawn from in-depth interviews with over three dozen key informants across central and local government, industry, infrastructure organisations such as ports, Māori organisations and non-governmental organisations, the 13 considerations are both a checklist and a guide for preparedness and review.
In 1863, a letter appeared in the Christchurch Press that warned of an existential threat that we are only now grappling with. What else can history teach us about invasion risk? Kean JM 2023. Darwin and the exploding trousers: assessing an existential risk after two centuries of biological invasions in New Zealand. Fourth International Congress on Biological Invasions, 1 May 2023, Christchurch, New Zealand.
PRESENTATION: Darwin & the exploding trousers
###What is a good decision in biosecurity? Māori perspectives and integrated analysis of themes### **November 2023** **Newfield M, Meha R, Finlay-Smits S, Reed C, Kean JM 2023. What is a good decision in biosecurity? Māori perspectives and integrated analysis of themes. Report for NZBH. 51 pp.** **ABSTRACT** The research programme “He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga (Strategic Outcome 3, Bioheritage National Science Programme) aims to incorporate information from a holistic set of values into a biosecurity risk assessment framework, leading to decisions which better reflect New Zealand’s values. One of the challenges in developing frameworks to support decision-making in biosecurity is that there is no agreed standard for what constitutes a good decision. Therefore, the aim of this project is to better understand what makes a good biosecurity decision, a good decision-making process and a good decision maker, according to the diverse participants in the biosecurity system.
###Session 3 - He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga### **May 2022** To view this session **[PLEASE CLICK ON YOUTUBE LINK HERE](https://youtu.be/y_bXrFN5nFA?si=JariX2OigTamxmZ5)** **Keynote Speaker:** Graeme Marshall (Tauranga Moana Biosecurity Capital) **Presentations from He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga:** 1) Melanie Newfield (independent contractor) 2) Christine Reed (independent) and John Kean (AgResearch)
###Literature review of risk assessment and decision making frameworks### **June 2021** **Newfield M 2021. Literature review of risk assessment and decision making frameworks. Report to NZBH. 34 pp.** **SUMMARY** The research programme “He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga (Strategic Outcome 3, New Zealand’s Biological Heritage National Science Challenge) aims to incorporate information from a holistic set of values into a biosecurity risk assessment framework. This literature review is part of the first stage of that research programme, aiming to describe what is already available to support risk assessment and decision making in the biosecurity system. Searches were conducted for term sets such as “biosecurity decision framework”, “biosecurity risk assessment framework” and “biosecurity risk analysis framework”. 10 frameworks related to biosecurity decision making were found. These frameworks are described in terms of the components that they contained and how they addressed the different values (for example economic or social values). More risk assessment frameworks were found than could be reviewed in the available time. 23 frameworks were described in terms of their scope and how they addressed the different values. Many published frameworks were developed for specific purposes and cannot be adopted for other purposes without modification. While a number of frameworks mentioned a holistic set of values, very few addressed those values in detail. One framework contained a checklist for considering social and economic values. One framework contained descriptors for describing levels of impact for invasive species on human well-being. The design of frameworks needs to address more than just developing tools. The design also needs to consider those who will directly use the framework (for example, risk assessors), and those who will use the results of that framework (for example, decision makers who make decisions based on risk assessment).
REPORT: Risk assessment and decision making frameworks
###Characterising uncertainty in risk assessments for biological control: using case studies from New Zealand to inform future research### **February 2023** **Barratt BIP, Meenken ED, Withers TM 2023. [Characterising uncertainty in risk assessments for biological control: using case studies from New Zealand to inform future research](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10526-023-10181-x.pdf). BioControl 68(2): 101-115.** **ABSTRACT** Areas of uncertainty in the assessment of risks and benefits in applications for new biological control agents submitted to the regulator for proposed introduction into New Zealand were identified. This was done with the aim of informing future research priorities which might be able to address and reduce these areas of uncertainty to assist decision-making in the future. A sample of 20 applications received by the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) between 2009 and 2019 were selected, with examples from weed and insect targets. Expressions of uncertainty were identified by applicants as well as the EPA staff assessment report of the application, and the final decision document prepared by the Authority’s committee. The most common risk uncertainties expressed were potential direct non-target effects (85%), cultural risks (75%), and whether there were existing (and possibly effective) natural enemies of the target already present in the new range (70%). Food web indirect effects and adequacy of host range testing were also mentioned in more than half of the case study applications and associated documents. For uncertainty relating to benefits, 75% of case studies mentioned uncertainty about the efficacy of the proposed biological control agent, or if the agent would be successful by establishing and spreading (60%). For several of the case studies questions were raised about the method of cost: benefit analyses that had been presented in the application. Recommendations for future research are presented. **KEYWORDS** Risk assessment; Biological control; Biosafety; Uncertainty
PAPER: Risk assessments for biological control
###Social Discount Rates in Cost Benefit Analysis of Regional Pest Management Plans: Guidance and Recommendations for the Uninitiated### **July 2023** **Tait, P. (2023). Social Discount Rates in Cost Benefit Analysis of Regional Pest Management Plans: Guidance and Recommendations for the Uninitiated. AERU Research Report No. 382, prepared for National Science Challenge: Biological Heritage Strategic Objective 3 – He Tangata, He Taiao, He Ōhanga: a values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework for Aotearoa. Lincoln University: Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit.** DOI: https://doi.org/10.34721/fhnr-2d98 **ABSTRACT** Decisions concerning pest management frequently carry long-term consequences for the environment and human interests. This situation then leads to a pertinent question: should we value future outcomes equally with immediate ones in our current decision-making processes? This is the question of discounting.
###A matter of trust – perceptions of the value of pest risk assessments### **September 2022** To view this webinar **[PLEASE CLICK ON THIS LINK](https://youtu.be/M4SrGqkNBwo?si=xukSZclEkSwoBIkR)** **ABSTRACT** More and more people are joining together as collectives to increase the scope and impact of their regeneration projects. When iwi, hapū, local environmental groups, government entities, and NGOs work together they can enhance their social and ecological impact. The BioHeritage Pathways to Ecosystem Regeneration team wanted to figure out what kinds of collaboration work best for different situations, so they reviewed both international case studies and surveyed 27 ecosystem regeneration collectives within Aotearoa. In this webinar the research team will discuss their findings, including a typology of collectives and analysis of collectives’ contribution to community-led regeneration. They will then show how these results are shaping the next steps in their research.
#Te ao Māori values associated with the environment# **June 2021** **Awarau-Morris W. 2021. Te ao Māori values associated with the environment. Report for BioHeritage Challenge. 12 p. ** **BACKGROUND** The complexity of Māori values around environmental matters is specifically known at the iwi and hapū level and over successive generations Māori have developed thorough knowledge of the environment and useful conservation practices that iwi and hapū have used to manage the environment in Aotearoa New Zealand. Therefore, each iwi has responsibilities and obligations for environmental management within its own rohe (area). The mana (authority or prestige) of tangata whenua (people of the land) is related to how well highly valued resources or objects are managed, and how successfully mauri (lifeforce) is preserved. These customs continue to outline Māori approaches to environmental management today where every river-awa, gully and maunga-mountain has its own mauri and therefore associated values around these. For Māori all living things including natural and physical resources, possess mauri. This paper provides an overview of values from a Te Ao Māori perspective followed by an outline of operational practices and frameworks relative to environmental systems.
###An overview of Māori viewpoints on biological control agents in Aotearoa### **2024** **Bennett M 2024. An overview of Māori viewpoints on biological control agents in Aotearoa. Plant & Food Research. 30 pp.**
###Applying behavioural science to understand and support biosecurity risk assessments### **May 2024** **Bain D. 2024. [Applying behavioural science to understand and support biosecurity risk assessments](https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstreams/5dde4351-d2e5-4f7d-b233-deb2bc18ebcd/download). A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in Psychology, University of Canterbury. p 83.** **ABSTRACT** Invasive species threaten the health, safety, sustainability, wellbeing, and prosperity of Aotearoa New Zealand. A key function of the biosecurity system is to comprehensively assess the risks posed by invasive species. This study investigated the psychological dimensions of biosecurity risk assessments and explored potential targets and mechanisms for improvement. Twenty participants were recruited from Aotearoa New Zealand’s biosecurity workforce. Policy capturing, multiple-criteria decision analysis, and the behaviour change wheel were used as investigative frameworks. Results from the policy capturing analysis indicated that risks to economic, environmental, sociocultural, and te ao Māori values all significantly increased participants’ perception of invasive species’ overall biosecurity risk. Risks to economic values had the largest effect and risks to sociocultural and te ao Māori values had the smallest effects. Results from multiple-criteria decision analysis indicated that participants consciously allocated the most importance to risks to economic values followed by risks to Environmental, then sociocultural, and then te ao Māori values. Results from the behaviour change wheel analysis indicated that participants were motivated to incorporate te ao Māori values into their biosecurity risk assessments but perceived that they lacked the capability and opportunity to do so. Key intervention targets and mechanisms were discussed to address these areas and support comprehensive biosecurity risk assessments.
THESIS: Applying behavioural science to understand and support biosecurity risk assessments
###Approaches for estimating benefits and costs of interventions in plant biosecurity across invasion phases### **March 2021** **Welsh MJ, Turner JA, Epanchin-Niell RS, Monge JJ, Soliman T, Robinson AP, Kean JM, Phillips C, Stringer LD, Vereijssen J, Liebhold AM, Kompas T, Ormsby M, Brockerhoff EG. 2021. [Approaches for estimating benefits and costs of interventions in plant biosecurity across invasion phases](https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eap.2319). Ecological Applicaitons 31(5): e02319.** **ABSTRACT** Nonnative plant pests cause billions of dollars in damages. It is critical to prevent or reduce these losses by intervening at various stages of the invasion process, including pathway risk management (to prevent pest arrival), surveillance and eradication (to counter establishment), and management of established pests (to limit damages). Quantifying benefits and costs of these interventions is important to justify and prioritize investments and to inform biosecurity policy. However, approaches for these estimations differ in (1) the assumed relationship between supply, demand, and prices, and (2) the ability to assess different types of direct and indirect costs at invasion stages, for a given arrival or establishment probability. Here we review economic approaches available to estimate benefits and costs of biosecurity interventions to inform the appropriate selection of approaches. In doing so, we complement previous studies and reviews on estimates of damages from invasive species by considering the influence of economic and methodological assumptions. Cost accounting is suitable for rapid decisions, specific impacts, and simple methodological assumptions but fails to account for feedbacks, such as market adjustments, and may overestimate long-term economic impacts. Partial equilibrium models consider changes in consumer and producer surplus due to pest impacts or interventions and can account for feedbacks in affected sectors but require specialized economic models, comprehensive data sets, and estimates of commodity supply and demand curves. More intensive computable general equilibrium models can account for feedbacks across entire economies, including capital and labor, and linkages among these. The two major considerations in choosing an approach are (1) the goals of the analysis (e.g., consideration of a single pest or intervention with a limited range of impacts vs. multiple interventions, pests or sectors), and (2) the resources available for analysis such as knowledge, budget and time. **KEYWORDS** benefit–cost analysis; border biosecurity; cost accounting; general equilibrium modelling; invasive alien species; partial equilibrium modelling; phytosanitary measures
PAPER: Estimating biosecurity costs and benefits
Newfield M 2024. What is a good decision in biosecurity? Presentation at Crazy & Ambitious 4, 3 April 2024, Wellington, New Zealand.
PRESENTATION: What is a good decision in biosecurity?
###Future developments of the MPI TERM CGE model – a review of the literature### **June 2023** **Saunders JT 2023. Future developments of the MPI TERM CGE model – a review of the literature. Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University. Report for NZBH 16 pp.** **INTRODUCTION** This review explores the literature on economic models and their application, in relation to the potential avenues for the development and expansion of the Ministry for Primary Industries’ TERM CGE model. As such, the review will focus primarily on CGE modelling and the potential linkages or expansions available for consideration. The TERM CGE model was developed in Australia, where it is primarily used, although other variations of the model exist for other nations (including New Zealand). This literature review will therefore also address some of the existing variants and modifications on the TERM model as potential avenues for the MPI-based model. The GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) model (and its variants) is one of the most well-known, well established, and well documented CGE models. While not all of the body of literature on the GTAP model is necessarily applicable to the TERM model, many of the underlying equation structures, features and limitations are common to CGE models, thus this body of literature will also be drawn upon.
###Online presentation from Crazy & Ambitious 4: What is a good decision in biosecurity?### **April 2024** Online quick-fire presentation from Crazy & Ambitious 4: 'What is a good decision in biosecurity?', with Melanie Newfield.
WEBINAR: C&A4 Good decisions in biosecurity
###The value of good decisions - Smart biosecurity actions can confer benefits for centuries### **March 2024** Biosecurity decisions often entail irreversible consequences due to the establishment of invasive species, requiring long-term management strategies. Historical examples, such as the successful eradication of the Mediterranean fruit fly in 1906, provide valuable lessons for informing current biosecurity practices and decisions.
###Shifting paradigms and creating space for indigenous leadership in biosecurity management and decision-making### **_In review_** **Godfery T, Kean JM, Hikuroa D, Robinson AP, Williams N. 2024. Shifting paradigms and creating space for indigenous leadership in biosecurity management and decision-making. Conservation Biology in review.**
PAPER: Shifting paradigms for indigenous leadership in biosecurity
###A review of environmental values for New Zealand biosecurity risk assessment### **November 2021** **Yao R, Sharma-Wallace J, Baker M 2021. A review of environmental values for New Zealand biosecurity risk assessment. BioHeritage Report. 33 p.** **EXECUTIVE SUMMARY** Biosecurity refers to keeping the environment free of unwanted organisms and controlling, managing or eradicating them should they arrive in the country. The New Zealand government allocated approximately $545 million for biosecurity in 2018/19, an amount considered low relative to the economic, ecological and social benefits of maintaining the environment’s isolation from pests and diseases (Baisden, 2019; New Zealand Treasury, 2020). The Biological Heritage National Science Challenge Strategic Outcome 3 (BHNSC-SO3), “A values-based biosecurity risk assessment framework for Aotearoa” – is a four-year (2020 to 2024) multidisciplinary research programme, that aims to develop a holistic risk assessment framework that incorporates environmental, socio-cultural and Te Ao Māori values alongside economic values. This project is part of BHNSC-SO3 which focuses on a systematic literature review of studies that assessed the non-market environmental values provided by on-going and developing biosecurity programmes around the world and in New Zealand.
Yao RT, De Valck J 2024. Eco-tax or green hours as conservation currency? Exploring New Zealanders’ preferences for native forest biosecurity. Presentation at 68th Annual Conference of the Australasian Agricultural & Resource Economics Society, 6 February 2024, Canberra, Australia.
PRESENTATION: Eco-tax or green hours as conservation currency?